Skin, Hair & Nails

The blood capillaries in the skin dilate (vaso-dilation) and contract (vaso-constriction) for which purpose?

to register pain
to prevent bacteria multiplying
to regulate temperature
to prevent excessive water loss

Why is it important that skin is exposed to sunlight?

so that tanning can occur
so that Vitamin D can be synthesised
so that toxins can be absorbed
so that the body can keep warm

The film of sebum, sweat and dead skin cells which protect the skin by helping to maintain pH balance is known as:

the acid mantle
melanin
goose bumps
lactic acid

Because the skin is a sensory organ, it can protect the body from injury and damage by which of the following stimuli?

temperature
pain
pressure
all the above

Beginning with the deepest, the epidermis is layered in which of the following sequences:

basal cell layer, granular layer prickle cell layer, horny layer, clear layer
granular layer, basal cell layer, prickle cell layer, clear layer, horny layer
basal cell layer, prickle cell layer, granular layer, clear layer, horny layer
prickle cell layer, basal cell layer, granular layer, horny layer, clear layer

Sweating can be induced by:

heat
emotions
both a) and b)
neither a) or b)

In the basal layer of the epidermis, new cells are constantly being reproduced and old cells are pushed to the surface of the skin where they are finally desquamated. How long is this cycle?

approximately 1 week
approximately 3 weeks
approximately 1 month
approximately 2 months

The colour of the skin is determined by which of the following:

melanin
keratin
carotene
sebum

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum for which of the following purposes:

to lubricate the skin and hair
to help create a barrier, keeping moisture in and bacteria out
both a) and b)
neither a) or b)

Which of the following are NOT found in the epidermis?

hair follicles
nerve endings
sebaceous glands
blood vessels

Which layer of the epidermis has a waterproof effect?

clear layer
granular layer
horny layer
basal layer

The process which cells undergo when they change from living cells with a nucleus to dead cells without a nucleus is called:

germination
keratinisation
desquamation
regeneration

Finger prints are formed in which layer of the skin?

papillary layer
basal layer
reticular layer
horny layer

Which of the following are responsible for goose bumps?

fibroblast cells
erector pili muscles
capillaries
prickle cells

When skin is damaged or irritated, what vital secretion takes place?

collagen
histamine
sebum
fibroblasts

Which protein fibres give the skin its strength, resilience and youthful appearance?

fibroblasts
mast cells
collagen
elastin

Which layer of the skin is made up of areolar and adipose tissues?

the dermis
the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
the epidermis
none of the above

An imbalance in the distribution, circulation and hormone activity in the fat cells of the hypodermis can manifest as:

wrinkles
loss of energy
stretch marks
cellulite

A build up of sebum can cause:

enlarged pores
poor circulation
blocked pores
a cyst

By promoting good circulation of blood and lymph, which of the following can have a beneficial effect on the skin?

exercise
massage
both a) and b)
neither a) or b)

Which of the following statements is true?

men have a thicker epidermis than women
sebum production is more abundant in men
men’s skin has a more efficient blood supply than women
all of the above

AHA’s (fruit acids) can provide what effect on the skin?

toning
drying
exfoliating
tightening

Of the four factors below, which is most harmful to the skin?

smoking
air conditioning
cold weather
lack of exercise

When an existing scar develops an irregular overgrowth, it is called:

keloid
lesion
fissure
skin tag

Dry skin is caused by:

lack of moisture
lack of sebum
lack of collagen
lack of elastin

What skin disorder can be aggravated by alcohol consumption?

acne
ulcers
rosacea
impetigo

An irritant reaction to detergent, perfume, nickel and other substances causes:

contact dermatitis
eczema
psoriasis
shingles

Of the skin cancers listed below, which is life threatening?

squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
rodent ulcer
malignant melanoma

Of the skin cancers listed below, which is most frequently found in elderly people?

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
rodent ulcer

Which of the following is NOT a viral infection of the skin?

herpes simplex (cold sores)
warts
herpes zoster (shingles)
ringworm

Identify which part of the hairs structure supplies the follicle with nerves and blood?

connective tissue sheath
inner root sheath
erector pili muscle
outer tissue sheath

The cuticle, cortex and medulla are layers of which structure?

the nail bed
the dermis
the epidermis
the internal hair

Vital nourishment is provided for the hair by which part of its structure?

dermal papilla
hair bulb
outer root sheath
inner root sheath

Which of the following parts form the follicle wall?

inner root sheath
connective tissue sheath
matrix
outer root sheath

Hair begins its cycle of growth in which section of its structure?

matrix
inner root sheath
dermal papilla
cortex

Of the hairs removed by epilation or depilation, hairs from which stage of growth, which will take the longest to grow back?

anagen stage
catagen stage
telogen stage
all three stages

In which of the following areas does terminal hair NOT grow?

scalp
eyelashes
abdomen
pubic region

In a healthy body, on average, how long do the hairs on the head last before falling out?

up to six months
up to six years
up to one year
up to two years

Approximately how many hairs does an average adult have on his/her head?

1,000,000
10,000
100,000
500,000

The eyebrows play which important role?

diverting water and other substances away from the eyes
shading the eyes from the sun
framing the eyes aesthetically
protecting the eyes from the cold

At what stage in pregnancy does lanugo hair begin to form in the foetus?

4th week
7th month
3rd month
1st week

Hair growth can be affected by:

excessive stress
illness
hormonal imbalances
all the above

Which protein gives the nail it strength and flexibility?

keratin
collagen
melanin
elastin

Which part of the nail lies directly beneath the nail plate?

epidermis
nail bed
nail wall
nail matrix

Which part of the nail does the cuticle protect?

nail bed
lanula
nail matrix
nail wall

Which of the following statements is false?

toenails grow more slowly than fingernails
the nail structure does not have a blood supply
the health of the nail is determined by the nail matrix
the nail on the index finger grows faster than the nails on the other fingers

Which of the following statements is true?

nail diseases are caused by physical damage
nail disorders can cause cross-infection
a bacterial attack can cause a nail disorder
nail diseases contraindicate manicures & pedicures

Wearing false nails for too long may cause:

onychia
onychomycosis
onychophagy
onycholysis

The term leuconychia refers to:

a whitlow
white spots of the nails
separation of the nail plate from the nail bed
inflammation of the cuticle

Which of the following are diseases of the nail?

koilonychias
ingrown nail
ptergygium
none of the above

Skin, Hair & Nails

Skin, Hair & Nails

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